How to Prepare for CA Articleship Statutory Audit Interview

1. What is a statutory audit?
A statutory audit is an audit mandated by law or regulation, intended to provide an independent assessment of an organization’s financial records to ensure accuracy, compliance with accounting standards, and regulatory requirements.

2. What is assertion?
Assertions are representations by management, explicit or otherwise, embodied in the financial statements. They include assertions about the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of information in financial statements.

3. Explain the SLM Method of depreciation.
The Straight Line Method (SLM) of depreciation is a method where an equal amount of depreciation expense is allocated for each year over the asset’s useful life. The annual depreciation is calculated by dividing the cost of the asset, less its salvage value, by the useful life of the asset.

4. Difference between SLM and WDV.
SLM (Straight Line Method) allocates equal depreciation each year. WDV (Written Down Value) charges higher depreciation in the initial years, decreasing over time. SLM is based on time, while WDV is based on asset value.

5. How do you audit rent expenses?
Auditing rent expenses involves verifying the lease agreements, checking rent payments against the agreement, ensuring proper accounting treatment, and confirming the expenses are for business use and appropriately documented.

6. What is external confirmation?
External confirmation is an audit process where the auditor seeks information directly from third parties to corroborate information provided by the client, like balances and transactions (e.g., bank balances, accounts receivable).

7. Applicability of CARO 2020.
CARO 2020 applies to all companies, including foreign companies operating in India, except for certain exempted categories like a banking company, insurance company, Section 8 Company, or a one-person company.

8. What was the need to introduce CARO 2020?
CARO 2020 was introduced to enhance transparency and accountability in financial reporting, including more detailed disclosures, and focus on critical areas like loans, investments, and valuation of assets.

9. Questions about the Bank Reconciliation Statement.
Questions typically concern the purpose of a bank reconciliation statement (to reconcile the company’s records with the bank’s records), identifying and explaining discrepancies, and understanding its importance in ensuring accurate financial records.

10. Tell me the complete process of the audit from planning to report.
The audit process includes planning (understanding the business and its environment), risk assessment, designing audit procedures, executing the audit, evaluating the results, and finally, reporting (expressing an opinion on the financial statements).

11. What is a qualifying asset as per AS 16?
As per AS 16, a qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale, like buildings, plant, and machinery.

12. How is EPS calculated?
Earnings Per Share (EPS) is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period.

13. Basic assumptions of accounting as per AS 1.
The basic accounting assumptions as per AS 1 include the Going Concern assumption (entity will continue its operation for the foreseeable future), the Consistency assumption (accounting policies are consistent across periods), and the Accrual assumption (revenues and costs are recognized as they are earned or incurred).

14. Inventory valuation principle as per AS 2.
As per AS 2, inventories should be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes all costs of purchase, costs of conversion, and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

15. Why the difference between income tax depreciation and book depreciation?
The difference arises because book depreciation (for financial reporting) is based on GAAP or accounting standards, aiming for a fair representation of asset value over time, while tax depreciation (for tax purposes) follows tax laws, which may have different objectives like tax incentives.

16. Recent changes in Schedule III.
Recent changes in Schedule III include enhanced disclosure requirements for companies, like reporting of crypto assets, aging schedule for trade payables and receivables, and disclosure of transactions not recorded in books but disclosed in the tax audit report.

17. What are written representations?
Written representations are statements by management provided to the auditor, asserting that they have fulfilled their responsibilities, including providing complete and accurate information for the audit.

18. What are the types of audit opinion?
Types of audit opinions include Unqualified (clean opinion), Qualified (certain reservations), Adverse (financial statements materially misstated), and Disclaimer of Opinion (unable to express an opinion).

19. When will you give a qualified opinion?
An auditor gives a qualified opinion when the financial statements are fairly presented except for a material but not pervasive issue that affects the financial statements.

20. Scenarios will be given and asked which opinion to give.
This involves assessing specific scenarios to determine the appropriate audit opinion based on the nature and impact of the issues identified during the audit, such as discrepancies, limitations in scope, or non-compliance with accounting standards.

21. What is the audit programme?
An audit programme is a detailed plan of the auditing work to be performed, specifying the procedures, timing, and resources required. It outlines the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures to be used in an audit.

22. Difference between a finance lease and an operating lease.
A finance lease transfers substantially all risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee, effectively acting as a purchase. An operating lease is a rental agreement, where the lessee does not assume the risks and rewards of ownership.

23. Disqualifications in the appointment of auditor.
Disqualifications include not being a chartered accountant, holding a financial interest in the company, being a relative of a director or key managerial personnel, and providing certain services to the company.

24. Describe the monetary item and non-monetary items.
Monetary items are assets and liabilities that carry a fixed or determinable amount of money (e.g., cash, receivables, payables). Non-monetary items are assets and liabilities that do not represent a right to receive or an obligation to deliver a fixed or determinable amount of money (e.g., property, plant, and equipment, goodwill).

25. How do you value investments as per AS 13?
As per AS 13, investments are initially recorded at cost. Current investments are subsequently measured at lower of cost or fair value. Long-term investments are carried at cost, but provision for diminution is made if the decline in value is other than temporary.

26. When do we recognize an asset as per AS 10?
As per AS 10, an asset is recognized when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the asset will flow to the entity, and the cost of the asset can be measured reliably.

27. Balance sheet or Profit & Loss format as per Schedule III.
Schedule III to the Companies Act prescribes the general format for the balance sheet and profit and loss account. It includes specific line items, notes, and disclosures to provide a true and fair view of the financial position and performance of the company.

28. What is materiality?
Materiality is a concept that refers to the significance of an item or error in the financial statements. An item is considered material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements.

29. What are depreciation methods allowed by the Companies Act?
The Companies Act allows for two methods of depreciation: the Straight Line Method (SLM) and the Written Down Value Method (WDV). Companies can choose either based on their business model and asset usage pattern.

30. How do you do vouching for expenses?
Vouching for expenses involves examining the supporting documents (invoices, receipts, contracts) to ensure that the expenses are genuine, properly authorized, recorded in the correct period, and for the purpose of the business.

31. Journal entry for sales with 18% GST.
The journal entry would be: Debit Accounts Receivable (including GST), Credit Sales (excluding GST), Credit GST Output (for the GST amount). The GST amount is calculated as 18% of the sales value.

32. How will you verify the going concern assumption?
Verifying the going concern assumption involves assessing the company’s ability to continue operations in the foreseeable future. This includes reviewing financial statements, cash flow projections, budgets, and external factors like market conditions.

33. Why do we follow the accrual system of accounting?
The accrual system is followed because it provides a more accurate picture of a company’s financial position and performance by recognizing revenues and expenses when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when cash is received or paid.

34. Questions on matching concepts.
The matching concept in accounting states that expenses should be matched with the revenues they help to generate in the same accounting period. This ensures that financial statements accurately reflect the company’s financial performance.

35. What are intangible assets and what is amortization?
Intangible assets are non-physical assets that provide economic benefits to the company, like patents, trademarks, and goodwill. Amortization is the systematic allocation of the cost of these assets over their useful life.

36. Difference between depreciation and amortisation.
Depreciation is the allocation of the cost of tangible fixed assets (like machinery) over their useful life. Amortisation is similar but applied to intangible assets (like patents).

37. Explain what is deferred tax and how is it accounted for.
Deferred tax arises due to timing differences between the accounting income and taxable income. It is accounted for under the liability method, where deferred tax liabilities or assets are recognized for temporary differences that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future.

38. When is revenue recognised as per AS 9?
As per AS 9, revenue is recognized when the significant risks and rewards of ownership are transferred, there is no continuing managerial involvement, the amount of revenue can be measured reliably, and it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the entity.

39. Some basic journal entry questions.
These would typically include forming journal entries for common business transactions such as sales, purchases, receipts, payments, accruals, and adjustments.

40. What is audit sampling?
Audit sampling involves the application of audit procedures to less than 100% of items within an account balance or class of transactions to obtain and evaluate evidence about some characteristic of the items selected.

41. Why sampling is done and not 100% checking?
Sampling is done because it is often impractical and cost-inefficient to check 100% of transactions. Sampling allows auditors to draw conclusions about the entire population with a reasonable level of assurance while managing time and resources effectively.

42. Question from Accounts of Companies chapter of CA Inter.
This could involve questions on accounting for share capital, debentures, dividends, and other aspects related to company accounts as per the CA Inter syllabus.

43. Question from Auditors chapter of CA Inter company law.
This involves questions on the appointment, rights, duties, removal, and resignation of auditors, as well as reporting requirements as per company law.

44. Question from Dividend chapter of CA Inter company accounts.
This could include questions on the declaration and payment of dividends, legal and procedural requirements, and accounting treatment for dividends as per the CA Inter syllabus.

45. What are the key differences between a statutory audit and a tax audit?
A statutory audit is mandated by law, focusing on the fairness and accuracy of financial statements, while a tax audit is an examination of a company’s tax returns by the tax authorities to ensure tax compliance.

46. How do you approach fraud detection during an audit?
Fraud detection involves a combination of techniques including analytical review, interviews, observation, and understanding of internal controls. Auditors must maintain professional skepticism and consider the risk of fraud in audit planning and execution.

47. Can you explain the concept of ‘true and fair view’ in auditing?
‘True and fair view’ means that the financial statements are free from material misstatements and faithfully represent the financial performance and position of the entity, in accordance with the relevant accounting framework.

48. What is the importance of audit documentation?
Audit documentation provides evidence of the auditor’s basis for a conclusion about the achievement of the overall objective of the auditor, and evidence that the audit was planned and performed in accordance with auditing standards and applicable legal and regulatory requirements.

49. How would you assess the going concern assumption of a company during an audit?
To assess the going concern assumption, I would evaluate factors such as liquidity ratios, subsequent events, debt covenants, and management’s plans for future actions. Analyzing these areas helps determine if the company can continue its operations for the foreseeable future.

50. Explain the term ‘audit evidence’ and how it is gathered.
Audit evidence refers to the information used by the auditor in arriving at the conclusions on which the auditor’s opinion is based. It is gathered through inspection, observation, inquiries, confirmations, and other audit procedures.